Simple Past Tense

* Using in the Past event

Form:
(+) S + V2 + C

I got good mark yesterday
The students worked hardly two weeks ago


(-) S + did + not + V1 + C
I did not (didn't) get good mark yesterday
The students didn't work hardly two weeks ago


(?) Did + S + V1 + C
Did I get good mark yesterday?
Did the students work hardly two weeks ago?

Time Signals:

• Yesterday, ago, Last
  

V2 : ed/d (Regular Verb)

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Prefixes

Prefixes and suffixes were originally words themselves but they are now groups of letters added to words or to roots to create new words. Prefixes [pre (before) + fix (fasten) = fasten before] are groups of letters placed before words or roots. Prefixes modify or extend the meanings of words and roots. Following is a list of commonly used prefixes and sample vocabulary.


A

* a-, ac-, ad-, af-, ag-, al-, an-, ap-, as-, at- to, toward, near, in addition to
o aside (adverb): to or toward the side
+ a + side
o accompany (verb): to go with someone as a companion
+ ac + com + pan + y
o adjust (verb): to correct, to move closer to a correct position
+ ad + just
o affix (verb): to attach to something, to fasten
+ af + fix
o aggression (noun): hostile behavior towards someone or something
+ ag + gress + ion
o allocate (verb): to distribute to specific people or for specific purposes
+ al + loc + ate
o annihilate (verb): to destroy
+ an + nihil + ate
o associate (verb): to join with
+ as + soci + ate
o attend (verb): to look after, to go to
+ at + tend

* a-, an- not, without
o apolitical (adjective): without interest in politics
+ a + polit + ic + al
o anemia (noun): the condition (disease) of not having enough red blood cells
+ an + em + ia

* ab-, abs- away from, off
o abrupt (adjective): unexpected change
+ ab + rupt
o absolve (verb): to be set free from one's actions or obligations
+ ab + solve

* ante- before
o anterior (adjective): before or near the front
+ ante + rior

* anti- against
o antipathy (noun): dislike, opposite feeling
+ anti + path + y

* auto- self
o automotive (adjective): related to self-propelled machines
+ auto + mot + ive





B

* bi- two
o biped (noun): a two-footed animal
+ bi + ped
o biennial (adjective): happening every two years bi + enni + al





C

* cat-, cata-, cath- down, with
o category (noun): a class or set to which a thing belongs
+ cate + gor + y
o catalogue (noun): a book or pamphlet that lists and describes
+ cata + log + ue
o catheter (noun): a medical device used to transfer fluids cath +eter

* circum- around
o circumvent (verb): to manage to get around a situation
+ circum + vent

* co-, cog-, col-, com-, con-, cor together, with
o cohesiveness (noun): the ability to stick together
+ co + hes + ive + ness
o cognate (adjective): related, similar in nature
+ cog + nate
o collaborate (verb): to work together
+ col + lab + or + ate
o commitment (noun): to entrust, to put into a place
+ com + mit + ment
o convenient (adjective): handy, nearby
+ con + veni + ent
o correct (verb): to set right, to be right
+ cor + rect

* contra- against, opposite
o contradict (verb) to state the opposite
+ contra + dict





D

* de- to do the opposite, to take away from
o decrease (verb): to grow smaller, to become less
+ de + cre + ase

* di-, dif-, dis- apart, separate, two, opposite, not
o divide (verb): to separate into two or more parts
+ di + vide
o differ (verb): to be unlike
+ dif + fer

* dis- not, opposite of, exclude
o distrust (verb): to have no confidence or trust
+ dis + trust





E

* e-, ex- out, out of, from
o emit (verb) to send out
+ e + mit
o expel (verb): to force out ex + pel

* en-, em- put into
o enamor (verb): to cause to love, to "put" someone "into" love
+ en + am + + or
o empower (verb): to give power, to put into power em + pow + er

* epi-, upon, beside, over
o epilogue (noun): the concluding section of a play or literary work
+ epi + logue

* extra- beyond
o extraordinary (adjective): going beyond normal
+ extra + ordin + ary





I

* il-, im-, in-, ir, not, in
o illegible (adjective): cannot be read
+ il + leg + ible
o imposter (noun): someone who poses as someone else
+ im + post + er
o inaction (noun): lack of motion, idle
+ in + act + ion
o irresolute (adjective): uncertain about hot to act, undecided, not having a solution
+ ir + re + solute

* in-, im-, il- in, into
o instead (adverb): in place of, an alternative
+ in + stead
o import (verb): to bring into a country from another country
+ im + port

* inter- between, among
o interject (verb): to throw something (usually a comment) between other things
+ inter + ject

* intro- into
o introspection (noun): to look into one's own thoughts and feelings
+ intro + spect + ion





M

* mal- bad
o malfunction (noun): when something does not work properly
+ mal + funct + ion

* mis- wrong
o misconduct (noun): wrong doing, bad behavior
+ mis + con + duct

* mono- one
o monologue (noun): a dramatic performance or speech given by one actor
+ mono + logue

* multi- many
o multiply (verb): to increase in number
+ multi + ply





N

* non- not, no
o nonsense (noun): something that has no meaning or makes no sense
+ non + sense





O

* ob-, oc-, of-, op- toward, against, in the way
o obtain (verb): to gain or get, to get a hold of
+ ob + tain
o occur (verb): to happen, to come to mind
+ oc + cur
o offer (verb): to attempt to give, to propose, to try to hand out
+ of + fer
o oppose (verb): to be against, to stand in the way of something
+ op + pose

* over- excessive, above
o overwork (verb): to have too much work
+ over + work





P

* para- beside
o paradox (noun): a statement that seems true and contradictory at the same time
+ para + dox

* per- through
o persecute (verb): to go after, to pursue
+ per + secute

* post- after
o postpone (verb): to put off to a later time, to delay
+ post + pone

* pre- before
o precede (verb): to go before, to come in front of
+ pre + cede

* pro- for, foward
o propel (verb): to push forward
+ pro + pel





R

* re- back, again
o readmit (verb): to allow in again
+ re + ad + mit

* retro- backward
o retrospect (noun) to look back at past events
+ retro + spect





S

* se- apart, move away from
o secede (verb): to withdraw from an organization
+ se + cede

* semi- half
o semiannual (adjective): occurring twice a year
+ semi + annu + al

* sub-, suc-, suf-, sup-, sur-, sus under, beneath, near, from below, secretly, above, up
o submarine (adjective): underwater
+ sub + mar + ine
o succeed (verb): to do well, to come after
+ suc + ceed
o suffice (verb): to be enough
+ suf + fice
o support (verb): to hold up, too keep up
+ sup + port
o survive (verb): to live, to live through something, to exist
+ sur + vive
o sustain (verb): to keep up, to hold up,
+ sus + tain

* super- over, above
o superimpose (verb): to place something on top of something else
+ super + im + pose

* syn-, sym- together, at the same time
o synchronous (adjective): happening at the same time
+ syn + chron + ous
o sympathy (noun): sharing another person's feelings, compassion
+ sym + path + y





T

* trans- across, beyond, change
o transform (verb): to change shape
+ trans + form

* tri- three
o tripod (noun): a three-legged stand
+ tri + pod





U

* un- not, against, opposite
o unceasing (adjective): never ending, continuous
+ un + ceas + ing

* uni- one
o uniform (adjective): having the same form or consistency
+ uni + form

taken from:www.learn4good.com

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Suffixes

Suffixes are groups of letters attached to the ends of roots, words, and word groups. Suffixes serve a grammatical function. A suffix can indicate what part of speech (noun, verb, adjective, adverb) the word belongs to. Suffixes can also change and extend the meaning. The following suffixes are grouped beneath the grammatical function they perform.



NOUNS

Nouns perform the function of naming. Nouns name persons, places animals or things, as well as groups, ideas and qualities. In a sentence, nouns can be subjects, objects, or appositives.


A

* -acy, -cy
o Noun: state or quality
+ privacy: the state of being alone
# priv + acy
+ infancy: the state of being a baby or young child
# in + fan + cy

* -age
o Noun: activity, or result of action
+ courage : having the spirit to overcome fear
# cour + age

* -al ,el, ul
o Noun: action, result of action
+ referral : the action of directing a person to another place, person or thing
# re + ferr + al

* -an
o Noun: person
+ artisan : a craftsperson
# arti + san

* -ance, -ence
o Noun: action, state, quality or process
+ resistance : the action of opposing something
# re + sist + ance
+ independence: the state of not being under the control of others, free, self-governing
# in + de + pend + ence

* -ancy, -ency
o Noun: state, quality or capacity
+ vacancy : an empty room or position
# vac + ancy
+ agency: the capacity to exert power or influence, a position or person that performs a function
# ag + ency

* -ant, -ent
o Noun: an agent, something that performs the action
+ disinfectant : an agent that destroys germs, somthing that cleans
# dis + in + fect + ant
+ dependent: a thing supported by another, a thing determined by another
# de + pend + ent

* -ate
o Noun: state, office, fuction
+ candidate : a person nominated for an office or position
# candid + ate

* -ation
o Noun: action, resulting state
+ specialization : the result of being distinguished by one quality or ability
# spec + ial + iz + ation





D

* -dom
o Noun: place, state of being
+ wisdom : possessing knowledge
# wis + dom





E

* -er, -or
o Noun: person or thing that does something
+ porter : a person who carries things
# port + er
+ collector: a person who collects or gathers things
# col + lect + or





F

* -ful
o Noun: an amount or quanity that fills
+ mouthful : an amount that fills the mouth
# mouth + ful





I

* -ian, an
o Noun: related to, one that is
+ pedestrian : a person who walks
# ped + estr + ian
+ human: a person
# hum + an

* -ia
o Noun: names, diseases
+ phobia : an illogical fear of something
# phob + ia

* -iatry
o Noun: art of healing
+ psychiatry : branch of medicine that deals with the mind and emotions
# psych + iatry

* -ic, ics
o Noun: related to the arts and sciences
+ arithmetic : a branch of math that usually deals with non-negative numbers
# arithm + et + ic
+ economics: the social science related to studying business
# eco + nom + ics

* -ice
o Noun: act
+ malice : the desire to do evil
# mal + ice

* -ing
o Noun: material made for, activity, result of an activity
+ flooring : a material made for floors
# floor + ing
+ swimming: the activity of swimming or moving through water
# swim(m) + ing
+ building: the result of making a structure
# build + ing

* -ion
o Noun: condition or action
+ abduction : the action of carrying someone away by force
# ab + duct + ion

* -ism
o Noun: doctrine, belief, action or conduct
+ formalism : a belief in sticking to prescribed forms or artistic styles
# form + al + ism

* -ist
o Noun: person or member
+ podiatrist : a foot doctor
# pod + iatr + ist

* -ite
o Noun: product or part
+ graphite : a black material used in making pencils
# graph + ite

* -ity, ty
o Noun: state or quality
+ lucidity : clear thinking
# luc + id + ity
+ novelty: something new or unusual
# nov + el + ty

* -ive
o Noun: condition
+ native : a person born in a specific place
# nat + ive





M

* -ment
o Noun: condition or result
+ document : an official paper usually showing proof or evidence of something
# docu + ment





N

* -ness
o Noun: state, condition, quality
+ kindness : the quality of being kind or nice
# kind + ness





O

* -or
o Noun: condition or activity
+ valor : bravery, courage
# val + or

* -ory
o Noun: place for, serves for
+ territory : an area around a place
# territ + ory





S

* -ship
o Noun: status, condition
+ relationship : the state of being related or connected to something or someone
# re + lat + ion + ship







U

* -ure
o Noun: act, condition, process, function
+ exposure : the condition of being exposed or unprotected
# pos + ure





Y

* -y
o Noun: state, condition, result of an activity
+ society : companionship
# soci + et + y
+ victory: the result of winning something
# vict + or + y









VERBS

Verbs make statements about nouns, ask questions, give commands, or show states of being. Verbs can be active or passive. Verbs also show tense or time of action.

INDEX: A E I U

A

* -ate
o Verb: cause to be
+ graduate : to give a degree to, to pass from one stage to the next
# gradu + ate





E

* -ed
o Verb: past tense
+ attained : something that has been reached or grasped
# at + tain + ed

* -en
o Verb: to cause to become
+ moisten : to cause to become moist or damp
# moist + en

* -er, -or
o Verb: action
+ ponder : to think about
# pond + er
+ clamor: to make noise, to call for loudly
# clam + or





I

* -ify
o Verb: cause
+ specify : to name or indicate in detail
# spec + ify

* -ing
o Verb: present participle
+ depicting : showing, describing with images or pictures
# de + pict + ing

* -ize
o Verb: cause
+ fantasize : to dream about something, to create images in the mind
# fant + as + ize





U

* -ure
o act
+ Verb: conjecture : to come to a conclusion by supposition or guesswork
# con + ject + ure



taken from:www.learn4good.com

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